Intellectual Property

Table of Contents Discussion Board Definition essay Reference List Footnotes Discussion Board The information article Intellectual Property, written by a group of authors under direction of Evan Davies, aims to define the concept of intellectual property (IP) and identify its key characteristics. Secondly, the authors give a brief overview of legal means that help to protect the right for IP.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Intellectual Property specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More According to the scholars, intellectual property can be defined as any tangible or intangible asset that results from the process of human discovery, creativity, and invention (Davies et al, 2003). The authors single out the two characteristics, which are typical of IP: 1) immaterial nature, in other words, this asset can be owned by a great number of people at the same time; 2) inability of the inventor to appropriate it for private g ain, since this kind of assets can be easily copied and transmitted (Davies et al, 2003). The key idea which the writers express is that contemporary legislation does not provide specific guidelines, regulating the use and transmission of intellectual property, for example, a person, who tries to sell a certain idea or invention, can easily be defrauded, and there is no way for him/her to prove his rectitude. These are the major issues, discussed in this article. Overall, it is quite possible to agree with the authors, when we are speaking about the use and transmission of intellectual property. At the moment, there are very few safeguards that can protect the author (inventor, designer, musician, writer, artists and so forth) from encroachment on his/her rights. In part, it is connected with the rapid development of Internet technologies which enable users to share copyrighted information (songs, videos, software, books etc) with any obstacle. Secondly, as it has been pointed out i n the article, in some cases, the author finds it very difficult to prove that he/she is the inventor of a certain device or the author of some television show. However, the definition, proposed by the authors can be disputed. Evan Davies et al focus mostly on the origins of IP such as invention, creativity, discovery, and so forth. Yet, very little attention is paid to the qualitative characteristics of IP. One may point such qualities as novelty and utility, which means that any asset, protected by the copyright law, has to have some new elements and may have some practical application. Besides, in this article the authors emphasize the so-called â€Å"weightlessness† of IP, which means that the term intellectual property refers to some intangible assets, yet under some circumstances, IP can be both tangible and intangible, for example, hardware, vehicles, and mobile phones, which can considered as both tangible and intangible assets. In this case, the intellectual property is not easily transferred from one person to another. One should not assume that this definition, advanced by the authors is inaccurate or limited.Advertising Looking for essay on intellectual property? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More At the given moment there are hundreds definition and interpretations of IP and its elements; they may focus on some specific characteristics of IP and one cannot say that these definitions are inaccurate or false since they just focus on different aspects of the same phenomenon. Overall, this article can be helpful to the students and other people who want to gain a basic idea about intellectual property. Definition essay The definition of such term of intellectual property has long been one of the most debated issues among lawyers and policy makers, since they need to compile a list of those objects or assets, which have to be protected by copyright law. This concept is so difficult to define because it has several components and several characteristics which are equally important. We cannot argue that the interpretation, provided in this paper will be conclusive, yet it give a more comprehensive view of IP and its elements. At this point, we can say that intellectual property is any tangible or intangible asset, deriving from human creativity, discovery, invention even contest[1]; it has such characteristics as originality and perceived value. In the following sections of this paper, we will try to justify our interpretation of this notion and its constituent parts. The term â€Å"intellectual property† is inevitably associated with ideas, designs, works of a person’s mind or intellect, but these ideas usually have some material representation. In other words, one should not forget about those devices which help to carry and store this information, for example, compact discs, audio tapes, floppy disks, audio tapes, DVDs and so forth (Barrett, 2008, 108). M oreover, some ideas or concepts can be inseparable from their material representation, for instance, paintings or drawings. In point of fact, in some cases, the value of idea dramatically declines if it is deprived of its original material form. Even the most meticulous copy of Van Gogh or Rembrandt cannot be compared to the original and it will never have the same commercial or artistic value. This case illustrates the point that intellectual property is not always easily transferable and that it cannot be owned by several people at a time. Furthermore, it shows that the importance of material representation should not be underestimated and one should not perceive IP only as some intangible asset since such a perception is just a common stereotype. A person, who tries to define the concept of IP, would have to focus on such characteristics as value and novelty. This asset or product must have some innovative elements, which differentiate it from similar products or assets. Furtherm ore, it may be of some commercial or aesthetic value. The aesthetic value is particularly important, when we are referring to works of literature, music, art and so forth. Again, we have to stress an idea that commercial and aesthetic value are quite separable from one another. In addition, the notion of aesthetic value is very subjective, and it cannot be measured in any qualitative or quantitative way. Thus, when we identified value as an intrinsic attribute of intellectual property, we referred only to the subjective opinion of a person, who has invented a certain device, created some work of art or made some scientific discovery. Intellectual property must have value or worth in the eyes of the creator or discoverer, rather than in the eyes of the public. This is the most important characteristic of this concept.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Intellectual Property specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Those peo ple, who view intellectual property from legal or commercial standpoint, often refer to such a requirement as utility that has not been mentioned in our definition. Such characteristic as utility is more appropriate to some inventions, pharmaceutical recipes, new business models etc (Dratler, 1991, p 162; Bouchoux, 2001). Yet, this requirement is inapplicable to the works of art. Apart from that, the utility of many inventions were bitterly disputed when they came into existence. To prove this point, we can mention the alternating current system, designed by Nikola Tesla. At the end of the nineteenth century, it was widely believed that such systems could hardly find any practical application (Colladay, 1996). These are the reasons why such characteristics as utility or practical application have been excluded from the definition. Another important question which should be discussed in this paper is the ownership of intellectual property. As we have said, it derives from human disco very, invention, knowledge, or creativity. In the majority of cases, IP is the result of close collaboration, involving many participants, whose contribution is not always equal. In the thesis statement, it has been said that IP derives from invention, creativity, discovery or contest. The final component may seem slightly confusing at first glance, yet such copyrighted materials as broadcasts of football games are the result of competition and contest, yet they are also classified as intellectual property. Therefore, one can argue that while defining intellectual property one should not focus only on some scientific discoveries, technological devices and works of art. Such interpretation does not reflect the full complexity of this term because intellectual property can be just the result of mere coincidence, rather than some prodigious mental effort. The most important idea that can be derived from this discussion is that intellectual property can have several elements and charact eristics; however, the most important one is novelty. Moreover, it seems rather unreasonable to limit the notion of IP only to a specific list of intangible assets like books, pharmaceutical recipes, drawings, utility models and so forth. Such an approach can be suitable for commercial relations but it is not acceptable for philosophical discussion. Apart from that, we can say that utility, commercial value, and practical applicability are not inherent characteristics of the intellectual property. More likely, one has to speak about novelty and perceived value.Advertising Looking for essay on intellectual property? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Reference List Barrett. M. (2008) Intellectual Property. Aspen Publishers Online. Bouchoux D. (2001) Protecting your company’s intellectual property: a practical guide to trademarks, copyrights, patents trade secrets. AMACOM Div American Mgmt Assn. AMACOM Div American Mgmt Assn. Colladay. M. (1996) Introducing Nikola Tesla Throughout Some of His Achievements: Or, Prodigal Genius. Health Research Books. Dratler. J. (1991) Intellectual Property Law: Commercial, Creative and Industrial Property. Law Journal Press. Davies E. Bannock G. Uncles M. Trot. P. (2003). Intellectual Property. In  The New Penguin Business Dictionary. Web. Footnotes Contest and competition are important, when we are discussing sport events like football or hockey games. This essay on Intellectual Property was written and submitted by user Imperfects to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Did duhem show that scientific theories can be ne

Did duhem show that scientific theories can be ne The question as to whether scientific theories can be shown to be true or false is a complex one. The answer depends on one's interpretation of the meaning of theory. To what does it refer? Is its role to reveal the nature of reality, or is it merely a human construct? In which case what do we mean by truth? Is it an accurate description of reality, or does it simply refer to a successful theory that produces accurate predictions? Duhem attacks this problem from a very strict non-metaphysical standpoint. As a result he shows that we can know nothing about material reality, and indeed very little about the validity of our own theories. In the end it appears that the theoretical framework within which scientists work is more a matter of convention than anything else.In order to determine whether the claim that scientific theory cannot be proven true or otherwise we must first understand what Duhem means by scientific theory.English: Boris Chirikov (1928–2008) was an outst...He i ntroduces two possibilities as to the nature of a physical (which we can equate to 'scientific') theory. The first being that it is an explanation of the reality lying behind a group of experimental laws (those that are empirically determined). The second is that a physical theory is simply an abstract system to classify and summarize a group of laws.Taking the first possibility (a belief still held by many today): this seeks to look beneath the sensible appearances and find the reality beneath, which is causing the sensations we experience. However, this presents us with a problem. We only have access to perceptions so how can we hope to find a physical theory that provides a certain explanation of the reality causing these sensations? A theory can only suggest a reality that would produce all those...

Biography of Steve Wozniak, Apple Computer Co-Founder

Biography of Steve Wozniak, Apple Computer Co-Founder Steve Wozniak (born Stephan Gary  Wozniak; August 11, 1950) is the co-founder of Apple Computer and is credited with being the main designer of the first Apples. A noted philanthropist who helped found the Electronic Frontier Foundation, Wozniak was the founding sponsor of the Tech Museum, the Silicon Valley Ballet, and the Children’s Discovery Museum of San Jose. Fast Facts: Steve Wozniak Known For: Apple Computer co-founder with Steve Jobs and Ronald Wayne and the main designer of the first Apple computersBorn: August 11, 1950 in Los Gatos, CaliforniaEducation: Attended  De Anza College and the University of California, Berkeley; awarded a degree from Berkeley in 1986Spouse(s): Alice Robertson (m. 1976–1980), Candice Clark (m. 1981–1987), Suzanne Mulkern (m. 1990–2004), Janet Hill (m. 2008)Foundations Started: Apple Computer, Inc., Electronic Freedom FrontierAwards and Honors: National Medal of Technology, Heinz Award for Technology, The Economy and Employment, Inventors Hall of Fame inducteeChildren: 3 Early Life Wozniak (known as the Woz) was born on August 11, 1950, in Los Gatos, California, and grew up in the Santa Clara Valley, now known as Silicon Valley. Wozniaks father was an engineer for Lockheed and always inspired his sons curiosity for learning with a few science fair projects. He gave Steve his first crystal set at the age of 6. Wozniak got his ham radio license in the sixth grade and built an adder/subtractor machine to calculate binary arithmetic in the eighth grade. As a young man, Wozniak was a bit of a prankster/genius and wrote his first programs in his own version of FORTRAN at the University of Colorado but was put on probation for computer abuse- essentially, he spent the computing budget for the whole class five times over. He designed his first computer called the Cream Soda Computer, which was comparable to the Altair, by the time he was 18. He began courses at the University of California, Berkeley, where he was introduced to Steve Jobs by a mutual friend. Jobs, still in high school and four years younger, would become Wozniaks best friend and business partner. Their first project together was the Blue Box, which allowed the user to make long-distance phone calls for free; Wozniak himself thinks he should be remembered by posterity for running the first dial-a-joke service in the San Francisco Bay area. Early Career and Research In 1973, Wozniak dropped out of college to begin designing calculators at Hewlett Packard, but he continued to work on side projects. One of those projects would become the Apple-I. Wozniak built the first design for the Apple-I in his office at Hewlett Packard; he worked closely with an informal users group known as the Homebrew Computer Club, sharing schematics and giving away his code. Jobs had no input into the original build but was the visionary of the project, discussing enhancements and coming up with some investment money. They signed partnership papers on April 1, 1976, and began selling the Apple-I at $666 per computer. That same year, Wozniak began to design the Apple-II. In 1977, the Apple-II was revealed to the public at the West Coast Computer Faire. It was an astonishing success, even at the very steep price of $1,298, selling 100,000 units in three years. Jobs opened their first business office at Cupertino and Wozniak finally quit his job at H-P.  Wozniak has been credited by everyone, including Steve Jobs, as the main designer on the Apple I and Apple II. The Apple II was the first commercially successful line of personal computers, featuring a central processing unit, a keyboard, color graphics, and a floppy disk drive. Leaving Apple On February 7, 1981, Wozniak crashed his single-engine aircraft in Scotts Valley, California, an event that caused Wozniak to temporarily lose his memory. On a deeper level, it certainly changed his life. After the accident, Wozniak left Apple and returned to Berkeley to finish his degree in electrical engineering/computer science- but dropped out again because he found the curriculum confining. He was awarded a bachelors degree anyway in 1986 and has since been awarded numerous degrees from institutions such as Kettering and Michigan State University. Wozniak did return to work for Apple for a brief period between 1983 and 1985. During that time, he greatly influenced the design of the Apple Macintosh computer, the first successful home computer with a mouse-driven graphical interface. He still has a ceremonial role in the company, saying, I keep a tiny residual salary to this day because thats where my loyalty should be forever. He founded the UNUSON (Unite Us In Song) corporation and put on two rock festivals. The enterprise lost money. In 1990, he joined Mitchell Kapor in establishing the Electronic Frontier Foundation,  the leading nonprofit organization defending civil liberties in the digital world. In 1987, he created the first universal remote. In 2007, Wozniak published his autobiography, iWoz: From Computer Geek to Cult Icon, which was on the best seller list of The New York Times. Between 2009 and 2014, he was hired as chief scientist for Fusion-io, Inc., a computer hardware and software company that was acquired by SanDisk Corporation. He was later the chief scientist at the data virtualization company Primary Data, which shut down in 2018. Marriage and Family Steve Wozniak has been married four times, to Alice Robertson (m. 1976–1980), Candice Clark (m. 1981–1987), Suzanne Mulkern (m. 1990–2004), and currently Janet Hill (m. 2008). He has three children, all from his marriage with Candice Clark. Awards Wozniak was awarded the National Medal of Technology by President Ronald Reagan in 1985, the highest honor bestowed on America’s leading innovators. In 2000, he was inducted into the Inventors Hall of Fame and was awarded the prestigious Heinz Award for Technology, The Economy and Employment for â€Å"single-handedly designing the first personal computer and for then redirecting his lifelong passion for mathematics and electronics toward lighting the fires of excitement for education in grade school students and their teachers. Sources Kubilay, Ibrahim Atakan. The Founding of Apple and the Reasons Behind Its Success. Procedia- Social and Behavioral Sciences 195 (2015): 2019–28. Print.Linzmayer, Owen W. Apple Confidential 2.0. San Francisco, California: No Starch Press, 2004. Print.Love, Dylan. 8 Reasons Why Woz Still Matters. Tech. Business Insider September 3 2013. Web.Owad, Tom. Chapter 1- the History of the Apple I. Apple I Replica Creation: Back to the Garage. Burlington: Syngress, 2005. 1–22. Print.Stix, Harriet. A UC Berkeley Degree Is Now the Apple of Steve Wozniaks Eye. Los Angeles Times, May 14, 1986. Web.Wozniak, Steve, and Gina Smith. iWoz: Computer Geek to Cult Icon. New York: W.W. Norton Company, 2006. Print.

Commnication and Decision Making Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Commnication and Decision Making - Essay Example The reason why we have to lay off some of our employees is because the company has been experiencing some slow times over the last three months. This has been caused by the high prices of raw materials as well as high salaries. As a result, there is a need to cut costs since the company is not generating enough revenue as well as cash flow. The affected departments will be in a position to create sharp cost cutbacks for a brief episode of time. It is expected that the affected departments will be faced with more workload and the inventory turnover may be slow for a while. However, the company will suffer a one-time cost to gain subsequent annual recurring savings. Additionally, the affected areas overall output will less than the usual or poor productivity and the departments will need to readjust their work schedules and routines (Gandolf, 2008). The remaining employees are expected to display symptoms anxiety, inadequate commitment to the work, as well as lack of creativity. Staffs in the three departments namely; order processing department, the human resources department and the production department will be expected to be apprehensive of their jobs. It is also expected that people will start to view their colleagues as rivals. This will mostly likely affect the output. To ensure that there is no break of confidentiality, the departments’ managers will need to pay equivalentdevotion to the personnel who will be losing their jobs as well as those who will be remaining. For the employees who are being laid off, the departments’ managers will be required to afford fair severance, providechances for re?training, as well as outplacement resources. Again, for the employees who will be remaining, the departments’ managers will provide numerous two?way communication networks (particularly face?to?face) among leadership and personnel to provide them numerous chances to communicate their worries, ask queriesas well as deepen their comprehension o f the realities of business. The departments’ managers will need to makesure that those employees who will be remaining are conscious of the resources and support afforded by the firm to employees who will be out of work. This willmake a noteworthy difference to upcoming workforce productivity and mitigate the upsurge in the voluntary turnover, which follows each forced lay off (Gandolf, 2008). To aid in the ‘moving of forward’ as well as transition after the layoffs, the managers from theinvolved departments will be required to communicate efficaciously and often with the staff. It is expected that people will begin to reveal signs of fretfulness, lack of dedication, as well as a reduction in creativity and productivity. In the days and weeks to follow the layoff, the departments’ managers will need to come up with strong leadership stratagems to aid employees focus upon the primacies at hand as well as to re-devote themselves to the company. The managers will be required to hold frequent meetings with employees plus generate an agenda;enquire on how individuals are holding up, listen as well as respond empathetically; ask about the ‘rumors’ and either dispel or validate them; set well-defined, realistic, achievable short-term goals. The managers will need to be focused upon the department’s work; institute an open-door policy; as well as let staff be aware that they approach the manager with concern, information and questions. All these stratagems will aid the

Module 4 BHS427 Health Care Finance Cost of Capital (CASE) Essay

Module 4 BHS427 Health Care Finance Cost of Capital (CASE) - Essay Example Despite being highly criticized, CAPM is commonly used by investors and managers, possibly due to its sundry advantages over other models. By using systematic risk only, CAPM tends to be not only more realistic but also simpler by eliminating the unsystematic risk. Remarkably, the relationship between the market risk and expected rate of return is easily shown by the Security Market Line. Secondly, in addition to being empirically testable, CAPM compares the particular investments level of risk to the stock market risk unlike DGM. Moreover, CAPM overcomes WACC’s assumption that investment has no influence on financial risk hence making it better in project appraisal. Conversely, CAPM’s assumptions make it less viable in reality. In project appraisal, the use of a single-period time zone contradicts the nature major real investments, which cut across periods. Moreover, it’s unrealistic to assume a constant beta for the periods as market conditions keep on fluctuating. Again, CAPM faces a problem in assigning values to the variables in the model. None of the variables is constant, with some such as yield on government debt (used to estimate risk free rate of return) changing on daily basis. Dolde et al (2012) research was aimed at determining whether the two factors international CAPM (2F-ICAPM) gives a different cost of capital compared to the domestic CAPM mostly used by US companies. Pre-studies had shown that the single global CAPM generated costs of equity not significantly different from the domestic CAPM despite the former model’s theoretical superiority, hence explaining why managers had not shifted from the domestic CAPM. To formulate the2F-ICAPM, Dolde et al incorporated the world market Index and currency index for chief currencies all expressed in US dollars, making this model theoretically superior to both

Financial Services Report Essay -- essays research papers

Financial Services Industry Report In order to succeed in the global market, it is imperative to know the various global financial institutions and the sources of funds for international operations. This paper will identify the role of financial institutions in the global economy and explore changes this industry will be experiencing during the next decade. In addition, this paper will demonstrate the impact these changes will have on Campbell Soup Company. Financial institutions have the ability to serve as agents for its clients providing financial services. These services include, but are not limited to the facilitation of money, such as credit; investments-related services; stock exchange; and any other accounting or finance services. The global financial system (GFS) refers to those financial institutions and regulations that act on the international level, as opposed to those that act on a national or regional level (Global financial system, 2005, p1). The International Monetary Fund (IMF), the World Trade Organization (WTO) and the World Bank are considered to be the most important international institutions. The Internal Monetary Fund acts as a lender of last resort to governments in financial distress, e.g. balance of payments crisis, currency crisis and debt default. Decisions are based on quotas, or the amount of money a country provides to the fund (IMF at a glance, 2005, p1). The World Bank aims to provide funding, take up credit risk or offer favorable terms to development projects mostly in developing countries that could not be obtained by the private sector (What is the World Bank, 2005, p1). The only global international organization that deals with the regulations of trade between nations and settles trade disputes and negotiates international trade agreements is the World Trade Organization (What is the WTO, 2005, p1). An important area of international finance is the financing international trade and investments. This area must be understood in order to raise funds at the lowest cost possible. There are some organizations that deal with international trade and have access to both the domestic and foreign capital markets. For example, the Eximbank (Export-Import Bank) finances exports from the United States to foreign countries. It facilitates the financing of U.S. exports through landing money to foreign purchasers of U.S. goods and... ...ed the importance of global financial institutions, and as globalization proceeds, the magnitude of this industry is expected to grow. References Basic facts about IFC. 2005. Retrieved on April 2, 2005 from (http://www.ifc.org). Campbell Soup Company 2004 Annual Report. Eurobond Online. Retrieved April 2, 2005 from www.eurobondonline.com/euro.htm Eximbank Mission. 2005. Retrieved on April 2, 2005 from (www.exim.gov). Financial Services Fact Sheet. (2004). Hoover’s Database. Retrieved April 2, 2005 from University of Phoenix Online Library. Financial Services Trends and Market Analysis (2004). Plunkett Research Online Database. Retrieved April 2, 2005 from University of Phoenix Online Library. Global Financial Systems. 2005. Retrieved on April 2, 2005 from (http://encyclopedia.laborlawtalk.com/Global_financial_system International Finance Corporation Online. Retrieved April 2, 2005 from http://www.ifc.org IMF at a glance. 2005 Retrieved on April 2, 2005 from (http://www.imf.org/external/np/exr/facts/glance.htm). What is the World Bank. 2005. Retrieved on April 2, 2005 from (http://www.worldbank.org). What is the WTO? 2005. Retrieved on April 2, 2005 from (http://www.wto.org).

Literacy Narrative Essay

Over the years, my interest and awareness regarding reading and writing have varied from time to time. I remember my mother reading bedtime stories to me as a child and actually painting my personal pictures to what she was saying. Once I was old enough to read the stories myself, I would go back and compare my mental pictures with those that were in the book. During my elementary days, I found the novice level of reading and writing to still be interesting. Everything from transferring imaginary stories I had thought of onto a sheet of paper to tell the entire class about my church league team winning the basketball championship the previous Saturday, I thoroughly enjoyed writing and felt I had a personal connection to it. There were a stack of old books in the corner of my school library that caught my attention due to bold book cover. I picked the book up and read The Hardy Boys, The Tower Treasure. It was something about the cover that stuck with me. Before I even opened the book, the fact that the two boys on the cover seem like they were close to my age gave me some added interest in the book. I became a huge fan of the book series after I read that first book, and was the only books I really read around this time. For some reason, the articles in sports magazine kept my attention more than books that were considered appropriate for my age. Due to my Father’s excessive interest in sports, I was able to grasp on to the vocabulary associated with most sports at a younger age than most. I feel my desire and interest in writing grew dim once I reached middle school and had to write about stories and novels I did not find interesting, causing me not to actively read these books in the first place. That feeling of being distant from the material covered in my middle school classes carried over into high school and it did not help that I had the same strict English teacher for all four years of high school. Mrs. McCullough was the toughest teacher I have ever had. Not only because she was teaching the subject I found the hardest, but because she made sure she was going to get one hundred percent out of all of her students. I can remember the numerous times I turned in a paper that was simply not the best she thought I could do and she made sure that I knew that. I ended up doing pretty good in these English classes, which goes back to how Mrs. McCullough ran her class. While I may have had a struggle with literary reading and writing for some time, I have had a serious interest in math and truly  enjoyed understanding the language associated with it. Math has always been my strongest subject and throughout the years I have been able to understand the terms associated with it. There were times in my AP Statistics class where when some of my fellow classmates and I were trying to solve a problem, and the sentence would not have been comprehended by someone who was not in that class. That has always been a topic where I could fluently speak on whatever issue was a concern. At the high school I attended, every senior is required to write a senior exit paper where they state their stance regarding abortion, with an explanation of their stance. This paper was worth over forty percent of the final grade and was the first serious paper I ever had to type. All papers previous to this one I would be able to sort of breeze through them depending on the length and topic of the paper, but this one required some serious work. This paper was for the same English teacher I mentioned earlier, who made this paper an annual piece of work for seniors. Having graded many papers regarding this topic over the years, she knew what each paper must contain to receive a certain grade. I struggled for weeks and weeks trying to figure out how things were going to work out regarding this paper. Working on that paper my senior helped me make my personal work more personal. Before that paper, I would just zoom through my papers because most of the time the objective of the paper was straightforward. Having to really put forth the effort to receive a good grade helped me to express what I felt personally on paper more effectively. This process is the main thing that helps me when the constant struggle of composing college papers. There are times where I know what I want to say, just do not have the proper way of putting on the paper. I feel that struggle in itself speaks excessively about the world of literacy. There are people in this world who are experts in their specific field of work that could show you how things work using their own adaptive terminology compared to if you were to read up on it on your own. Literacy is something that has been around before it was given a name and will always be as long as there is a need for living beings to communicate on this planet.