The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn Impact on American Literature - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 930 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2019/05/18 Category Literature Essay Level High school Tags: Huckleberry Finn Essay Mark Twain Essay Did you like this example? We have many important works in American Literature that have long been a part of our standard materials in the school curriculum. The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn by Mark Twain is one of the most famous, well written, and controversial works in American Literature. Lionel Trifling and T.S. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn: Impact on American Literature" essay for you Create order Elliot were greatly influential in ensuring that Huckleberry Finn would have the academic acknowledgment and support to be admitted into the American classrooms (PBS.org). However, unlike other great works of literature, there has been a long-standing debate about the appropriateness of its contents being taught in our schools and its availability in our libraries. There were many critics who demanded that this work is removed from libraries and schools because of its use of the word nigger and its stereotypical portraits of blacks as superstitious and unintelligent (King, 2018). I am opposed to this demand because we need to have this conversation at an early age in an environment that foster active learning, discussions, and open-mindedness. In 1998, a high school district in Arizona was sued by Kathy Monteiro to ban The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn by Mark Twain, along with A Rose for Emily by William Faulkner from the students required reading materials. She claimed that it creates a hostile environment because it has a derogatory word that is repeatedly used in the novel. The judges declined the ban of the novel but gave the school districts the legal duty to take the responsibility of ensuring that this does not create a racially hostile environment (PBS.org). I agree with the judges decision after all this is not the only required reading material that has offensive words. There are many regional writings in the canon of our American literature in similar tone and themes to this novel. Where indeed do we draw the line of which ones are appropriate and acceptable and which are not? We all have different views, experiences, and degrees of acceptance and/or tolerance. The message about race and slavery in this novel is very important. It is central to the story and should be taught in school. I concur with the courts reasoning, the fact that a student is required to read a book does not mean that those students will accept the views presented in such a book. Furthermore, the Court states that it is important for the student to learn and think critically about offensive ideas to be able to develop their critical thinking skills (crin.org). As difficult as it is to read this novel for many people especially the African Americans, we need to take into consideration that Mark Twain intended for this novel to be an authentic representation of the treatment, attitude, and mentality of the Southerners and slaves during that time period. Before slavery was abolished in 1865, with the exception of Louisiana, all Southern states by law can legally own slaves. In 1841, Solomon Northup, a free black man from New York was kidnapped and sold to slavery in the South. After he regained his freedom, he wrote about his experiences and one in particular passage stood out, Freeman [the white slave broker] would make us hold up our heads, walk briskly back and forth, while customers would feel of our heads and arms and bodies, turn us about, ask us what we could do, make us open our mouths and show our teeth Sometimes a man or woman was taken back to the small house in the yard, stripped, and inspected more minutely. Scars upon a slaves back were considered evidence of a rebellious or unruly spirit and hurt his sale (crf-usa.org, 2018). This is just one account among many that slaves were treated as personal property to be bought, used, and sold like an object. For slave masters to refer to their slaves as the word nigger was common and unremarkable. It is no wonder that in the novel Hucks vocabulary was littered with the use of the aforementioned word. Hucks use of the word did not seem abusive, malicious, evil, or offensive when taken into the context of the novel. Mark Twains novel is an account of that time. It is not meant to cause psychological damage or to inflict pain. This is a regional writing that documents the regions time period including dialect and the inferior treatments of the slaves. I would argue that we need this novel to stay in our libraries and schools for the betterment of our society and culture. There are immense values to be gained by reading, learning, discussing, and understanding The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn by Mark Twain in our schools in its entirety. Yes, even the use of the word nigger and its stereotypical portraits of blacks as superstitious and unintelligent. There can be no healing without understanding. This work is a glimpsed of our history remarkably captured by Mark Twain. It is a realistic portrayal of the characters during that time. Jim was a slave deprived of human dignity and education, but it did not mean that he was not intelligent. Hucks excessive use of the word nigger was a product of his upbringing and environment. The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn should continue to be a part of the required reading materials in our school curriculum to teach students to look past the distraction of the negativity and find the deeper mea ning and message imparted by two unlikely friends on their journey to seek their freedom and exposed the hypocrisy of the society and in the process the students can gain valuable lessons in critical thinking and race relations.

First Year Of College Reflection - 855 Words

First Year in College Reflection Coming into BG I already felt at home because to me this was a school that my family has learned and lived at. I came in switching my major upon my soar date and I was hesitant to what Telecommunications meant to me. My first basic TCOM class was with Dr. Busselle teaching a history of telecommunications. With that point alone I was set on my major and confident. Making friends was a whole different matter within the first couple weeks of school. I actually did not have a roommate coming into school, and that made it rather difficult. Thankfully I am part of the global village learning community and that let us move in a day early to campus. With that underway I was able to make several connects but I didn’t find a close friend till about three weeks later. Starting off the way I did I wanted to join a group that I could meet people through so I chose hall council and resident student association. Through all of the groups and the learning community that I was in I found myself more included with all of the events and dinners I was invited to. The more I participated in these events the more included we all became. Take hall council for example, hall council was a wonderful way to engage all students in the residence hall. We have put on several successful events within hall council I’d say the most prominent would have been our glow in the dark capture the flag. Even RSA put on casino night within the first 3 weeks of school. All of theShow MoreRelatedReflection On My First Year Of College801 Words   |  4 Pagesbeing. It is through reflection that one will become more self-aware of what potential problems could develop. I find myself disquieted with the complexity of honest reflection and revealing truths about myself that ar e uncomfortable in accepting. Question 2 invites reflection upon how I frequently regret transferring after my first year of college. 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My Lord the Baby †a Story by Rabindra Nath Tagore on the Case of Rai Charann Free Essays

string(79) " carrying them back in the end of his cloth, with his face wreathed in smiles\." I Raicharan was twelve years old when he came as a servant to his master’s house. He belonged to the same caste as his master, and was given his master’s little son to nurse. As time went on the boy left Raicharan’s arms to go to school. We will write a custom essay sample on My Lord the Baby – a Story by Rabindra Nath Tagore on the Case of Rai Charann or any similar topic only for you Order Now From school he went on to college, and after college he entered the judicial service. Always, until he married, Raicharan was his sole attendant. But, when a mistress came into the house, Raicharan found two masters instead of one. All his former influence passed to the new mistress. This was compensated for by a fresh arrival. Anukul had a son born to him, and Raicharan by his unsparing attentions soon got a complete hold over the child. He used to toss him up in his arms, call to him in absurd baby language, put his face close to the baby’s and draw it away again with a grin. Presently the child was able to crawl and cross the doorway. When Raicharan went to catch him, he would scream with mischievous laughter and make for safety. Raicharan was amazed at the profound skill and exact judgment the baby showed when pursued. He would say to his mistress with a look of awe and mystery: â€Å"Your son will be a judge some day. † New wonders came in their turn. When the baby began to toddle, that was to Raicharan an epoch in human history. When he called his father Ba-ba and his mother Ma-ma and Raicharan Chan-na, then Raicharan’s ecstasy knew no bounds. He went out to tell the news to all the world. After a while Raicharan was asked to show his ingenuity in other ways. He had, for instance, to play the part of a horse, holding the reins between his teeth and prancing with his feet. He had also to wrestle with his little charge, and if he could not, by a wrestler’s trick, fall on his back defeated at the end, a great outcry was certain. About this time Anukul was transferred to a district on the banks of the Padma. On his way through Calcutta he bought his son a little go-cart. He bought him also a yellow satin waistcoat, a gold-laced cap, and some gold bracelets and anklets. Raicharan was wont to take these out, and put them on his little charge with ceremonial pride, whenever they went for a walk. Then came the rainy season, and day after day the rain poured down in torrents. The hungry river, like an enormous serpent, swallowed down terraces, villages, cornfields, and covered with its flood the tall grasses and wild casuarinas on the sand-banks. From time to time there was a deep thud, as the river-banks crumbled. The unceasing roar of the rain current could be beard from far away. Masses of foam, carried swiftly past, proved to the eye the swiftness of the stream. One afternoon the rain cleared. It was cloudy, but cool and bright. Raicharan’s little despot did not want to stay in on such a fine afternoon. His lordship climbed into the go-cart. Raicharan, between the shafts, dragged him slowly along till he reached the rice-fields on the banks of the river. There was no one in the fields, and no boat on the stream. Across the water, on the farther side, the clouds were rifted in the west. The silent ceremonial of the setting sun was revealed in all its glowing splendour. In the midst of that stillness the child, all of a sudden, pointed with his finger in front of him and cried: â€Å"Chan-nal Pitty fow. † Close by on a mud-flat stood a large Kadamba tree in full flower. My lord, the baby, looked at it with greedy eyes, and Raicharan knew his meaning. Only a short time before he had made, out of these very flower balls, a small go-cart; and the child had been so entirely happy dragging it about with a string, that for the whole day Raicharan was not made to put on the reins at all. He was promoted from a horse into a groom. But Raicharan had no wish that evening to go splashing knee-deep through the mud to reach the flowers. So he quickly pointed his finger in the opposite direction, calling out: â€Å"Oh, look, baby, look! Look at the bird. † And with all sorts of curious noises he pushed the go-cart rapidly away from the tree. But a child, destined to be a judge, cannot be put off so easily. And besides, there was at the time nothing to attract his eyes. And you cannot keep up for ever the pretence of an imaginary bird. The little Master’s mind was made up, and Raicharan was at his wits’ end. â€Å"Very well, baby,† he said at last, â€Å"you sit still in the cart, and I’ll go and get you the pretty flower. Only mind you don’t go near the water. † As he said this, he made his legs bare to the knee, and waded through the oozing mud towards the tree. The moment Raicharan had gone, his little Master went off at racing speed to the forbidden water. The baby saw the river rushing by, splashing and gurgling as it went. It seemed as though the disobedient wavelets themselves were running away from some greater Raicharan with the laughter of a thousand children. At the sight of their mischief, the heart of the human child grew excited and restless. He got down stealthily from the go-cart and toddled off towards the river. On his way he picked up a small stick, and leant over the bank of the stream pretending to fish. The mischievous fairies of the river with their mysterious voices seemed inviting him into their play-house. Raicharan had plucked a handful of flowers from the tree, and was carrying them back in the end of his cloth, with his face wreathed in smiles. You read "My Lord the Baby – a Story by Rabindra Nath Tagore on the Case of Rai Charann" in category "Papers" But when he reached the go-cart, there was no one there. He looked on all sides and there was no one there. He looked back at the cart and there was no one there. In that first terrible moment his blood froze within him. Before his eyes the whole universe swam round like a dark mist. From the depth of his broken heart he gave one piercing cry; â€Å"Master, Master, little Master. † But no voice answered â€Å"Chan-na. † No child laughed mischievously back; no scream of baby delight welcomed his return. Only the river ran on, with its splashing, gurgling noise as before,–as though it knew nothing at all, and had no time to attend to such a tiny human event as the death of a child. As the evening passed by Raicharan’s mistress became very anxious. She sent men out on all sides to search. They went with lanterns in their hands, and reached at last the banks of the Padma. There they found Raicharan rushing up and down the fields, like a stormy wind, shouting the cry of despair: â€Å"Master, Master, little Master! † When they got Raicharan home at last, he fell prostrate at his mistress’s feet. They shook him, and questioned him, and asked him repeatedly where he had left the child; but all he could say was, that he knew nothing. Though every one held the opinion that the Padma had swallowed the child, there was a lurking doubt left in the mind. For a band of gipsies had been noticed outside the village that afternoon, and some suspicion rested on them. The mother went so far in her wild grief as to think it possible that Raicharan himself had stolen the child. She called him aside with piteous entreaty and said: â€Å"Raicharan, give me back my baby. Oh ! ive me back my child. Take from me any money you ask, but give me back my child! † Raicharan only beat his forehead in reply. His mistress ordered him out of the house. Artukul tried to reason his wife out of this wholly unjust suspicion: â€Å"Why on earth,† he said, â€Å"should he commit such a crime as that? † The mother only replied: â€Å"The baby had gold ornaments on his body. Who knows? â₠¬  It was impossible to reason with her after that. II Raicharan went back to his own village. Up to this time he had had no son, and there was no hope that any child would now be born to him. But it came about before the end of a year that his wife gave birth to a son and died. All overwhelming resentment at first grew up in Raicharan’s heart at the sight of this new baby. At the back of his mind was resentful suspicion that it had come as a usurper in place of the little Master. He also thought it would be a grave offence to be happy with a son of his own after what had happened to his master’s little child. Indeed, if it had not been for a widowed sister, who mothered the new baby, it would not have lived long. But a change gradually came over Raicharan’s mind. A wonderful thing happened. This new baby in turn began to crawl about, and cross the doorway with mischief in its face. It also showed an amusing cleverness in making its escape to safety. Its voice, its sounds of laughter and tears, its gestures, were those of the little Master. On some days, when Raicharan listened to its crying, his heart suddenly began thumping wildly against his ribs, and it seemed to him that his former little Master was crying somewhere in the unknown land of death because he had lost his Chan-na. Phailna (for that was the name Raicharan’s sister gave to the new baby) soon began to talk. It learnt to say Ba-ba and Ma-ma with a baby accent. When Raicharan heard those familiar sounds the mystery suddenly became clear. The little Master could not cast off the spell of his Chan-na, and therefore he had been reborn in his own house. The arguments in favour of this were, to Raicharan, altogether beyond dispute: (i. ) The new baby was born soon after his little master’s death. (ii. ) His wife could never have accumulated such merit as to give birth to a son in middle age. (iii. ) The new baby walked with a toddle and called out Ba-ba and Ma- ma. There was no sign lacking which marked out the future judge. Then suddenly Raicharan remembered that terrible accusation of the mother. â€Å"Ah,† he said to himself with amazement, â€Å"the mother’s heart was right. She knew I had stolen her child. † When once he had come to this conclusion, he was filled with remorse for his past neglect. He now gave himself over, body and soul, to the new baby, and became its devoted attendant. He began to bring it up, as if it were the son of a rich man. He bought a go-cart, a yellow satin waistcoat, and a gold- embroidered cap. He melted down the ornaments of his dead wife, and made gold bangles and anklets. He refused to let the little child play with any one of the neighbourhood, and became himself its sole companion day and night. As the baby grew up to boyhood, he was so petted and spoilt and clad in such finery that the village children would call him â€Å"Your Lordship,† and jeer at him; and older people regarded Raicharan as unaccountably crazy about the child. At last the time came for the boy to go to school. Raicharan sold his small piece of land, and went to Calcutta. There he got employment with great difficulty as a servant, and sent Phailna to school. He spared no pains to give him the best education, the best clothes, the best food. Meanwhile he lived himself on a mere handful of rice, and would say in secret: â€Å"Ah! my little Master, my dear little Master, you loved me so much that you came back to my house. You shall never suffer from any neglect of mine. † Twelve years passed away in this manner. The boy was able to read and write well. He was bright and healthy and good-looking. He paid a great deal of attention to his personal appearance, and was specially careful in parting his hair. He was inclined to extravagance and finery, and spent money freely. He could never quite look on Raicharan as a father, because, though fatherly in affection, he had the manner of a servant. A further fault was this, that Raicharan kept secret from every one that himself was the father of the child. The students of the hostel, where Phailna was a boarder, were greatly amused by Raicharan’s country manners, and I have to confess that behind his father’s back Phailna joined in their fun. But, in the bottom of their hearts, all the students loved the innocent and tender-hearted old man, and Phailna was very fond of him also. But, as I have said before, he loved him with a kind of condescension. Raicharan grew older and older, and his employer was continually finding fault with him for his incompetent work. He had been starving himself for the boy’s sake. So he had grown physically weak, and no longer up to his work. He would forget things, and his mind became dull and stupid. But his employer expected a full servant’s work out of him, and would not brook excuses. The money that Raicharan had brought with him from the sale of his land was exhausted. The boy was continually grumbling about his clothes, and asking for more money. Raicharan made up his mind. He gave up the situation where he was working as a servant, and left some money with Phailna and said: â€Å"I have some business to do at home in my village, and shall be back soon. † He went off at once to Baraset where Anukul was magistrate. Anukul’s wife was still broken down with grief. She had had no other child. One day Anukul was resting after a long and weary day in court. His wife was buying, at an exorbitant price, a herb from a mendicant quack, which was said to ensure the birth of a child. A voice of greeting was heard in the courtyard. Anukul went out to see who was there. It was Raicharan. Anukul’s heart was softened when he saw his old servant. He asked him many questions, and offered to take him back into service. Raicharan smiled faintly, and said in reply; â€Å"I want to make obeisance to my mistress. † Anukul went with Raicharan into the house, where the mistress did not receive him as warmly as his old master. Raicharan took no notice of this, but folded his hands, and said: â€Å"It was not the Padma that stole your baby. It was I. † Anukul exclaimed: â€Å"Great God! Eh! What! Where is he ? â€Å"Raicharan replied: â€Å"He is with me, I will bring him the day after to-morrow. † It was Sunday. There was no magistrate’s court sitting. Both husband and wife were looking expectantly along the road, waiting from early morning for Raicharan’s appearance. At ten o’clock he came, leading Phailna by the hand. Anukul’s wife, without a question, took the boy into her lap, and was wild with excitement, sometimes laughing, sometimes weeping, touching him, kissing his hair and his forehead, and gazing into his face with hungry, eager eyes. The boy was very good-looking and dressed like a gentleman’s son. The heart of Anukul brimmed over with a sudden rush of affection. Nevertheless the magistrate in him asked: â€Å"Have you any proofs? â€Å"Raicharan said: â€Å"How could there be any proof of such a deed? God alone knows that I stole your boy, and no one else in the world. † When Anukul saw how eagerly his wife was clinging to the boy, he realised the futility of asking for proofs. It would be wiser to believe. And then–where could an old man like Raicharan get such a boy from? And why should his faithful servant deceive him for nothing? â€Å"But,† he added severely, â€Å"Raicharan, you must not stay here. † â€Å"Where shall I go, Master? † said Raicharan, in a choking voice, folding his hands; â€Å"I am old. Who will take in an old man as a servant? † The mistress said: â€Å"Let him stay. My child will be pleased. I forgive him. † But Anukul’s magisterial conscience would not allow him. â€Å"No,† he said, â€Å"he cannot be forgiven for what he has done. † Raicharan bowed to the ground, and clasped Anukul’s feet. â€Å"Master,† he cried, â€Å"let me stay. It was not I who did it. It was God. Anukul’s conscience was worse stricken than ever, when Raicharan tried to put the blame on God’s shoulders. â€Å"No,† he said, â€Å"I could not allow it. I cannot trust you any more. You have done an act of treachery. † Raicharan rose to his feet and said:  "It was not I who did it. † â€Å"Who was it then? † asked Anukul. Raicharan replied: â€Å"It was my fate. † But no educated man could take this for an excuse. Anukul remained obdurate. When Phailna saw that he was the wealthy magistrate’s son, and not Raicharan’s, be was angry at first, thinking that he had been cheated all this time of his birthright. But seeing Raicharan in distress, he generously said to his father: â€Å"Father, forgive him. Even if you don’t let him live with us, let him have a small monthly pension. † After hearing this, Raicharan did not utter another word. He looked for the last time on the face of his son; he made obeisance to his old master and mistress. Then he went out, and was mingled with the numberless people of the world. At the end of the month Anukul sent him some money to his village. But the money came back. There was no one there of the name of Raicharan. How to cite My Lord the Baby – a Story by Rabindra Nath Tagore on the Case of Rai Charann, Papers

Determination of Fixtures and Chattels

Question: Discuss about the Australian Property Law Determination of Fixtures and Chattels. Answer: Introduction A fixture can be defined as something or an attached object to the land rendering it to be considered part of land. Alternatively, a fixture therefore can be said to be anything previously considered a chattel and has since become land by operation of the law[1]. Therefore, the title to land passes along with fixtures once sold (Luther, 2004). A chattel can be defined a personal property that can be moved and includes furniture and household goods. The chattels must thus be expressly included as moving in a contract or sale of land for the buyer to acquire right over them (Butt, 1996). Relevance The above discussion shows that determination of what is a fixture is very important since it has a bearing on the right of parties to a land. For instance, an affixation by the tenant entitles the tenant to remove fixtures for the duration of a lease during the continuance of the tenancy. The determination of the chattels and fixtures is also relevant as it helps in mortgage agreements as the mortgagee can only enforce securities rights against the land which includes the fixtures. This makes unenforceable any security based on a security which at the time of registration was thought to be a fixture but has been adjudged a fixture. This applies to other transactions such as leases. Position A question as to what amounts to fixture or a chattel is one of wholesome examination of circumstances as there are many considerations which need to be taken into account in a determination as to whether a thing is a chattel or a fixture. The question is not always easy or straightforward as disputes regarding whether an object is a chattel or a fixture are usually complex. Therefore, the complexity makes the dual test of degree of annexing and the nature of object annexed very superficial tests for trying to distinguish concept of fixture from a chattel. The traditional approach in distinguishing between a chattel and a fixture has been the testing is the object of the annexation and the degree of annexation. The operating general rule is that if chattel is substantially affixed to land, courts will feel that it should form part of the fixtures. Intention of Annexation The object or intention of annexing an object to land is a subjective test that focuses on the object of the affixing person (Butt, 1996). Usually, the purpose of the annexing an object reveals the possible intention of the affixer. The test in answering the question whether a chattel has become a fixture is whether the affixing is of great permanence in positioning and time of affixing it[2]. This determination involves taking into account of several factors which are objectively apparent. One of the factors is nature of the chattel involved. This is the nature which determines the mode of installation. Another important consideration for determining the intention of the affixer is the status of the affixing person. The affixers can the owner of the land, or a non-owner. This however, is a presumption only and care ought to be taken in examining this matter since the owner of a land may in certain cases attach a chattel without the intention of ever making it a fixture. The test is that the intention to convert a chattel to a fixture by the affixer should be clear. There involves an examination of all prevailing circumstances to assist in drawing clear conclusions that the property was intended to become part of the land((Hazard, 1962). Degree of Annexation This test depends on the object which is annexed with the focus on the permanence of the affixation and the possible damage that it can cause to the land or building if the property is to be removed. In broad terms, if property can be easily moved from the land to which it is attached without leading to substantial change in the nature of the land to the land or the affixed property, a persuasive argument automatically follows the object can be a chattel. However, if no substantial change would be caused to the land or the affixed property, the argument that follows is that the object be considered a fixture. Courts Application Courts in exercise of their judicial role have delved in unraveling the difficulty in ascertaining the answer of distinguishing fixtures from chattels. This is best explained in the Australian case of Australian Provincial Assurance Co Ltd v Coroneo[3]. The subject matter was the seats. The seats were affixed to the floor using bolts in a room. Supreme Court had to decide what the seats were (Magielnicki, 1969) Supreme Court noted that to answer the above question, it had to independently examine the mode, objective and the method of attaching the seats. The judges further found that if that they on the extent of attaching, it is imperative to find if the object is resting and supported by own weight. From the wording of the judges, the burden shall squarely rest on the person alleging that the resting of the seats or any property is more than by the pressure exerted. Meaning, the weight principle as opined here is only presumed in favor of the existence of chattels (Stephen, 2014). Continuous circle of prima facie presumption on the test as adopted by the court in Australian Provincial Assurance[4]here just shows how difficult the question of whether a property is a chattel or a fixture can become. It shows it is not settled and that it depends on particular circumstances on which a particular parties base their cases. Indeed this is how it played out in the instant case ultimately informing the courts decision that the seats were chattels. The court decision in Belgrave Nominees Pty Ltd v Barlin-Scott Air Conditioning Pty Ltd[5]also shows that there is much to do with object of annexation above the requirement of the subjective intent of the affixer. The court opined the need to consider the other factors such as the nature of the property involved in determining the intention of the affixation of a property. The subject matter was the air-conditioners placed on each unit on separate platforms resting on their weights. The sub-contractor went into liquidation and before the new subcontractor would commence work, the defendant removed the air conditioners. In determining an application for a mandatory injunction for the defendant to re-install the air conditioners the court had to consider if the air conditioners were fixtures or not. In holding that the conditioners had become fixtures, the court had a particular focus on the purpose of annexation with special regard to the nature of the plants. The units were connected to the main reticulation system of the building. The court held that such an annexation generally resulted to the affixation made the conditioners to become fixtures. That the affixer is the owner of the land or not seems not to be a settled factor pointing to the intention of making a chattel is a fixture. The case of Palumberi v Palumberi[6] best exemplifies this. The issue was whether some personal property and household goods had become fixtures. The building was self-contained divided into two with the plaintiff and the defendants being tenants in common (Grady, 1876). There was an agreement to sell the property without including chattels. Defendant claimed that certain things had become chattels. They were: spotlight, timer light, fittings, portable heater, and carpets among other things. The court found that the rest of the things were chattels save for the carpets and the stove. That a person who has attached a chattel is not the owner of the land but only possess the land will therefore not prevent a chattel affixed by such a person with a possessory right becoming a fixture. This was the position of court in Kay Leasing Corp Pty Ltd v Provident Fund Nominees Pty Ltd[7]. The point can be summarized that to hold a property as a fixture, the intention to make it a fixture must be clear. Though roof of ownership is a strong pointer to the intention, it is not almost always the case. The court downplayed the ownership factor and instead held that the intention of annexation ought to be held over and above the degree of annexation (Clarke, 2005). In finding that the stove and the carpets were fixtures, the court considered that they enhanced the value of the house. The case to a very large extent underscored the test of degree of annexation as a test and held that it is inferior to the test of intention of the affixer. Similar position is underscored in Geelong City Building Pty Ltd v Bennett[8]where it was held that a contract of sale which transfers chattels does not means that the said chattel transferred cannot become a fixture. The position of the agricultural chattels however seems to be guided by the common law. Courts have tried to remove the agricultural fixtures from the regulation of the tenants rules[9]. This means that the common law right of removal and doctrine of waste is now crystallized in legislation to makes provision for agricultural produce. Section 14 of New South Wales Legislation does not confer any actual title to an agricultural fixture. The legislation however allows the tenant to remove fixtures or to receive a compensation that is fair from the owner. Conclusion Evidently, it can be said that the traditional tests of intention and degree of annexation have undergone tremendous expansion and modification over time with more focus shifting on the object of annexation whose analysis considers so many circumstances and factors like the nature of the object affixed and the relationship between the affixer and the object that is affixed in terms of ownership and possession. Therefore, a strict following of the traditional rules is in total disregard to the reality and current situation. References Bradbook. (n.d.). Australian PrpertyLaw: Casesand Materials. LBCP. Bruce, Z. (2006). Principles of Property Law (4th ed.). Toronto: Caswell. Butt, P. (1996). Land Law. LBCP. Clarke, A., Kohler, P. (2005). Property law: commentary and materials. Cambridge University Press. Grady, S. (1876). The Law of Fixtures: With Reference to Real Property and Chattels of a Personal Nature: to which is Added the Law of Dilapidations, Ecclesiastical and Lay. Wildy. Gray, K. (1991). Property In Thin Air. LJ. Hazard, H. (1962). Theevolution of Coomon LawWrits. American Journal of Legal History, 6. Lower, M. (2011). A brief explanation and evaluation of the law on fixtures. Luther, P. (2004). Fixtures and Chattels: A Question of More or Less. OJLS, 24, 597. Magielnicki, R. (1969). Toward a Satisfactory Fixture Definition for the Uniform Commercial Code. Cornell Laaw Review, 55, 477. Merrick, H. (1933). Recent Cases: Bulk Sales." Other Goods and Chattels of the Vendor's Business. University of Chicago Law Review, 1(2), 15. Ridgeworth. (2008). Sackville and Neave'sProperty Law Cases and Materials (8th ed.). Lexis Nexis. Stephen, H. (2014). Australian Property Law, Cases,Materials and Analysis (3rd ed.). William, TC (1967). Vendor and Purchaser (4th ed.). LBCP. See the case of Australian Provincial Assurance Co Ltd v Coroneo (1938) 38 SR(NSW)700 for more insight The test is whether the affixing shall take a predetermined term or it is temporary period 1938) 38 SR(NSW)700 1938) 38 SR(NSW)700 Belgrave Nominees Pty Ltd v Barlin-Scott Air Conditioning Pty Ltd (1984) VR 947 (1986) NSW Conv R55-287 (1962) VR 429 (1928) VLR 214 Elwes v Maw (1802) 3 East 38

Small Business in South Africa

Introduction The purpose of this report is to analyze the area of small businesses. It aims at identifying the meaning of small business by referring to its definition from different scholars. It will also look at the overview of small businesses both in the developed and developing nations. More emphasis is put on the sub-Sahara Africa where the rate of unemployment is very high as compared to other nations.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Small Business in South Africa specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This report will look at some of the economic benefits that results from small business for instance a reduction in unemployment rate, increased GDP and per capita income. It focuses mainly on South Africa as a sub-Saharan country and looks at the contribution of small businesses in its economy. It concludes by giving some constraints that may hinder small scale enterprises in investing in South Africa. These inc lude poor market structures, poor infrastructures, and barriers to entry. Definition Small businesses are small entrepreneurial enterprises that are developed by innovative minds. As their name suggest, they are small in size and can be found in both the formal and informal sectors. Small businesses are common in developing nations which are faced with a couple of problems including lack of capital to start-up big enterprises and high unemployment rate. The main aim towards the establishment of small businesses is to create employment and to drive a country’s economic performance. For a long time, small businesses have been viewed as the major drivers of the economy because they concentrate on the opportunities that have not been utilized especially in the rural areas[1]. Some scholars define small businesses as sole proprietorships or partnerships that employ a small number of employees. According to European Union, the smallest businesses are referred to as micro businesses which employ less than ten people. There are other micro businesses that are managed by the owned only and may be with one assistant[2]. It is also defined as a privately owned business that employs less than one hundred people. Small businesses are the main economic drivers since they create employment opportunities, alleviate poverty and contribute to economic growth and development. The definition small business depends on different countries. Some countries such as the United States define a small business as a private owned enterprise that employs less than five hundred people while in others, a small business is defined as an enterprise than employs between ten to fifty people. Small businesses are diverse and exist in almost all sectors for instance; we have restaurants, hair dressers, private lawyers, accountants, real estate, just to name but a few. There is a difference between service and manufacturing small business; service small businesses are businesses that have bee n started up for the provision of services for example, restaurants, saloons, and real estates while as manufacturing small businesses are set up for the production of goods in small quantities. Manufacturing business employs a significant higher number of employees than the service business because a lot of processes are involved in the process of production.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In service business, most of the employees offer direct services to their clients without passing through other hands; an example of this is a hairdresser who does not need the help of another employee to offer the services to the client. In South Africa, a small business is a business that has been set up to take opportunities of the marginalized population. They are small scale enterprises, started up in the marginalized areas with a lot of government initiatives. Overview of small bu sinesses In sub-Sahara Africa, the rate of unemployment is very low compared to the developed countries, most of these countries suffer from poverty. The per capita income is very low consequently leading to low standards of living. To make it worse, these countries have a very high population growth rate thereby making unemployment and poverty to be salient problems. Over the last twenty years, these countries for instance, Tanzania, and Kenya, have greatly benefited from small business. With the advancement in technology, many people have become creative and are utilizing any opportunity that comes their way into new ideas[3]. Most government especially the South African government has taken the initiative of encouraging innovating individuals in starting up new ventures. These people are given loans by micro finance intuitions at very low interest rates to help them put their ideas into action. In Kenya, most people especially the youths and women are encouraged to form groups an d write up business proposal so as to secure some of the money that has been put aside to help small businesses. With this, the unemployment rate has dropped. The failure rate of small scale businesses is sub Sahara Africa is very high, for instance, in Nigeria and South Africa. Africa has the highest death rate for small scale businesses as compared to other parts of the world. Statistics show that, only one out of five businesses survive for more than five years In sub-Sahara Africa, small businesses are seen as the major drivers of the economy. These countries have been involved in many policies and reforms in this sector but they continue to lag behind in terms of performance. World economic forum 2006 associates this failure to the harsh business environment these businesses are exposed to and the de-industrializing situation that most countries are exposed[4]. However, comparing the present economic status to the 1980s, we find that, small businesses have had an immense contri bution in the economic performance of these countries. Many jobs have been created and par capita income is on the increase, GDP has increased, and most individuals can now enjoy a high per capita income than before.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Small Business in South Africa specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Homan (2010) observes that, the unemployment rate in the United States has dropped to 9.7% and this has resulted from the increase in small scale businesses in the nation. Many manufacturing businesses have been started which employ a significant number of people. Over half a million Americans have been able to secure job places in small businesses and this outweighs the number (20, 000) that has been rendered jobless from the state and local government’s companies[5]. Unemployment is a problem that is eating up many nations including the United States of America which is believed to be a global v illage. Many nations are forced to invest a lot of resources so as to create job opportunities and boast the economic performance. Whereas institutional employment has received considerable consideration in most developed countries, it must be given critical consideration in developing countries and underdeveloped countries, more so the sub-Saharan Africa. The unemployment rate in South Africa is very high. For over a period of 30 years, more than one million job opportunities have been lost and most of them were lost because of disinvestment. To solve this problem, the government has dedicated its efforts in creating jobs to ensure that equitable growth is sustained[6]. However, this has not been an easy task given that; the population is drastically increasing and is congested in urban areas. To address this challenge, the government focuses on the small and medium enterprises which are seen as the vehicle to drive the economy. The government believes that, the private sector is t he real engine of sustainable growth and development and it has now shifted its focus from the government institutions to concentrate more on the private sector. South Africa is one of the countries in sub-Saharan Africa that has a wide variety of small business opportunities. Entrepreneurs have many hot deals that they can utilize into productive opportunities. These include restaurants, real estates, saloons, and body tanning. This is just a few examples of the many opportunities that are currently available in South Africa. The idea of small business is becoming popular not only in South Africa but in many parts of the world. They have provided a form of self employment to the youths who find it difficult to secure white collar jobs and their returns is just amazing. People have become innovative an ideas are being converted into big ventures[7]. Statistics taken in 2009 review that, South Africa is in the grip of recession and many businesses are closing down. The unemployment r ate has risen to significant levels; in the first two quarters of 2009, more than 475, 000 people are believed to have lost their jobs. This has resulted in a lot of adjustment being made in many ministries and the introduction of new national planning commission. New strategies have been proposed which aims at integrating the marginalized segments into a productive economy.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Through many researches, it has been found that, the marginalized areas have a lot of possibilities that can be utilized to boast the country’s economy. If these possibilities are fully utilized, then poverty can be alleviated, jobs created, and more revenue can be generated leading to economic growth[8]. However, certain issues have to be addressed if these possibilities are to boast the country’ economy. For instance, is government ready to give the amount of support required to develop the private sector given the current situation in the country? What role does the private sector play in the development of the marginalized population? Should new alliances be formed, for instance private-public partnership to help in the delivery of public goods that are not delivered by the government or the market? Since 2004, the South African government has been fighting with the problem of unemployment and poverty. Before 1994, the economic growth rate was estimated to be 1% wh ich later rose to 3% between 1994 and 2004. Since then, the country has been enjoying a growth rate of more than 4% per year and seems to be increasing annually. Most of this growth has been contributed by the increase in small businesses where the government has put a lot of initiatives. The government has put good policies and a favorable environment that enables both local and international investors to invest in the country. The increase in growth rate has resulted in creation of more employment opportunities for instance in 2005, more than 540, 000 job opportunities were created although the unemployment rate is still high and stood at 26% as at 2005 although there was a slight decrease from 32% unemployment rate few years before[9]. Constraining issues Economic environment South Africa has a poorly developed road network in most of the marginalized populations. These are the population where there are a lot of investment opportunities although most of them are inaccessible mak ing it difficult for entrepreneurs to invest. To make the situation worse, there are very few service providers such as banks, in the marginalized areas making it almost impossible for investment[10]. However, the government has been involved in a lot of initiatives that are aimed at making the business environment favorable for investment although it may take a long time before some of these areas can be accessed. Poor structural markets increase the cost of production since the entrepreneurs have to transport their products to the major markets. Some producers are forced to sell their products directly to their consumers because of lack of channels of distribution. Political environment The Political relationships in South Africa boost the success of small businesses. Over the past fifth years, South African government has been involving itself in massive initiatives that are aimed at developing the small and medium sized enterprises including the macro enterprises. Most of these initiatives are aimed at bringing the gap that exists between the underdeveloped economy and the first class economy. Many agencies have been developed to help these enterprises, one such agency is SEDA (Small Enterprise Development Agency) which was introduced to support the small scale and macro enterprises. However, these agencies are not able to provide enough resources for the small scale enterprise and a micro-finance can only borrow up to R10, 000. Most start ups die before reaching the maturity because these initiatives fail in supporting them fully. Statistics taken in 2008 by the global entrepreneurship monitor (GEM) reveals that, South Africa lags behind other developing countries in terms of business survival rate. Only eight out of one hundred adults own businesses have survived for less than 3.5 years and only 2.3% adults own business for more than 3.5 years. This is a rather low figure compared to other countries where business survival rate in 13 out of 100. It has b een found that, most business fail to survive because of failure from the government initiatives. It is true that, the government has launched new agencies that help in the start-up of new businesses but their work seems to end at the establishment of a new venture, they do not follow them to make sure that they survive to maturity stage. Legal environment The constraining factors regarding the legal environment include Competition regulation Intellectual property regimes- patenting Technical standards International pressure groups South Africa has limited investment opportunities; this is because, the country is up until now concentrated in upstream production sectors that specialize in the production of steel, iron, and chemicals. This puts some entry barriers to entrepreneurs interested in other form of business, the market structure also possess a major threats in the establishment of service industry or downstream production. To counteract this constraint, the government has to strengthen the industrial policies as well as the competition law. Social environment In South Africa, small business entrepreneurs are faced with some social factors that keep on changing with time, for instance, lifestyle trends and consumer preferences keep on changing requiring the innovators to be creative in coming up with products that will satisfy consumer needs. Other factors include demographic changes and major events and influences. For instance the government is poorly organized in its capacity to control and manage key institutions. These institutions are those responsible for providing economic services such as the banks. The government also fails in the development and implementation of necessary policies and this hinders the economic growth of the country. This makes it difficult for entrepreneurs to invest in small businesses in the country. There is uneven distribution of markets between the rural and the urban areas. If the small businesses started in the marg inalized areas and those to be started are to reap maximum benefits, then the government has to do something about the market structures. Markets need to be decentralized so as to encourage competition which in turn results in reduced prices consequently leading to increased production Cultural environment South Africa is one of the countries that embrace cultural diversity. It has a cultural environment that attracts investors all over the world for investment opportunities. However, there is a lot of Cultural sensitivity (high demand from acceptable business ethics) that limits how foreign investors conduct their businesses. Small businesses are currently experiencing internal and external strategy constraints; for example, the lack of re-regulation measures that prevents expansion and operations, high global competition, and introduction of environmental laws. These are some risks that would limit the future operations of small businesses in South Africa. Bibliography Anon. 2010. Small business development.  http://www.etu.org.za/toolbox/docs/government/sbd.html . Anon. 2002. Comprehensive report on U.S. trade and investment toward Sub-Saharan Africa. London, DIANE Publishing Adelakun, Tunde. 2010. Why small businesses face high failures rates in Africa. Web. Homan R. Timothy. 2010. Unemployment rate in U.S. falls to 9.7% factory payrolls grow.  Web. Longenecker, Justin G. et al 2008. Small business management: launching and growing entrepreneurial ventures. (14th ed.). London, Cengage Learning. Ntsika enterprise promotion agency, 2001. State of small business development in South Africa: annual review. Michigan, The University of Michigan Ogbor, O. John. 2009. Entrepreneurship in sub-Sahara Africa: A strategic management perspective. New York, Authorhouse Okpara, John O. Wynn, Pamela. 2007. Determinants of small business growth constraints in a sub-Saharan African economy.  https://www.allbusiness.com/ . South Africa government information, 2010. Ac celerated and shared growth initiative for South Africa (AsgiSA).  Web. Steve, Lohr. 1980. â€Å"Small-Business Forces Unite; Meeting Drafts Proposals For Carter Memories of Earlier Gatherings Small-Business Forces Unite†, The New York Times, Business Finance, Page D1 Footnotes Anon. (2010). Small business development. Longenecker, Justin G. et al (2008). Small business management: launching and growing entrepreneurial ventures. (14th ed.). Cengage Learning Steve Lohr (Jan. 15, 1980). â€Å"Small-Business Forces Unite; Meeting Drafts Proposals For Carter Memories of Earlier Gatherings Small-Business Forces Unite†, The New York Times, Business Finance, Page D1 Adelakun, Tunde (2010). Why small businesses face high failures rates in Africa. Homan, Timothy R. (2010). Unemployment rate in U.S. falls to 9.7% factory payrolls grow. Anon. (2002). Comprehensive report on U.S. trade and investment toward Sub-Saharan Africa. DIANE Publishing Ogbor, John O. (2009). Entrepren eurship in sub-Sahara Africa: A strategic management perspective: New York: Authorhouse South Africa government information (2010). Accelerated and shared growth initiative for South Africa (AsgiSA). Ntsika enterprise promotion agency (2001). State of small business development in South Africa: annual review. Michigan: The University of Michigan Okpara, John O. Wynn, Pamela (2007). Determinants of small business growth constraints in a sub-Saharan African economy. This report on Small Business in South Africa was written and submitted by user Sylas Walters to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Introduction to the Internet of Things

Introduction to the Internet of Things The Internet of Things, or IoT, isnt as esoteric as it sounds. It simply refers to the interconnection of physical objects, computing devices and encompasses a wide range of emerging technologies such as virtual power plants, intelligent transportation systems and smart cars. One a smaller scale, IoT includes any smart (internet-connected) household item, from lighting to thermostats to televisions.   Broadly speaking, IoT can be thought of as a far-reaching expansion of  internet technology through an ever widening network of products, devices and systems embedded with sensors, software, and other electronic systems. Belonging to an interconnected ecosystem enables them to both generate and exchange data to make them more useful.   History and Origins In 1990, British computer scientist Tim Berners-Lee  had just completed work on the critical pieces of technology that formed the foundation of the world wide web: HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP) 0.9, HyperText Markup Language (HTML) as well as the first Web browser, editor, server, and pages. At the time, the internet existed as a closed network of computers limited to mostly government agencies and research institutions. However, by the early 21st century, the internet had expanded globally and has become one of the most influential technologies in the world. By 2015, more than three billion people have used it to communicate, share content, stream video, purchase goods and services and more. The Internet of Things is poised to be the next big leap in the evolution of the internet with the potential to transform how we work, play and live.   The Business World Some of the most obvious benefits are in the business world. Consumer goods, for example, stand to benefit from IoT throughout the entire supply chain. Factories that utilize automation will be able to connect various systems to eliminate inefficiencies while the cost of transporting and delivering goods can be reduced as real-time data helps to determine the ideal routes. On the retail end, products embedded with sensors will be able to relay performance details and customer feedback to the shops and manufacturers. This information can then be used to streamline the repair process as well as to refine future versions and develop new products.   The use of IoT is industry-specific. Agriculture companies, for example, have already made use of sensors to monitor crops and environmental changes such as soil quality, rainfall, and temperature. This real-time data is then sent to automated farm equipment, which interprets the information to determine how much fertilizer and water to distribute. Meanwhile, the same sensor technologies can be applied in healthcare to enable providers to automatically monitor patients’ vitals.   The Consumer Experience The Internet of Things is poised to shape consumers experiences with technology for years to come. Many standard household devices are available in smart versions, intended to increase convenience and efficiency while lowering cost. Smart  thermostats, for example, integrate user data and ambient data to intelligently control  indoor climate.   As consumers have begun to acquire a growing number of smart devices, a new need has arisen:   technology that can manage and control all IoT devices from a central hub.  These sophisticated program, often called virtual assistants, represent a form of artificial intelligence with a strong reliance on machine learning. Virtual assistants can operate as the control center of an IoT-based  home. The Impact on Public Spaces One of IoTs most significant challenges is large-scale implementation. Integrating IoT devices in a single-family home or multi-story office space is relatively simple, but integrating the technology into an entire community or city is more complex. Many cities have existing infrastructure that would need to be upgraded or entirely revamped in order to implement IoT technology. Nevertheless, there are some success stories. A sensor system in Santander, Spain enables residents to  locate free parking spaces using the citys smartphone app. In South Korea, the smart city of Songdo was built from scratch in 2015. Another smart city - Knowledge City, in Guangzhou, China - is in the works.   The Future of IoT Despite the rapid development  of the Internet of Things, major  barriers remain. Any device that connects to a network, from a laptop to a pacemaker, can be hacked. Consumers, business, and governments alike share concerns about the risk of security breaches if IoT were to become more  widespread. The more personal data our devices generate, the greater the risk of identity fraud and data breaches. IoT also intensifies concerns about cyber warfare. Still, the Internet of Things continues to grow.  From something as simple as a lightbulb that can be turned on and off with an app, to something as complex as network of cameras that sends traffic information to municipal systems to better coordinate emergency response, IoT presents a variety of intriguing possibilities for the future of technology.

Iraq war Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Iraq war - Essay Example Several have taken place from the time to time in the Middle East. But somehow the US- Iraq war remains the most significant of them all. US formed alliance with Israel to accomplish this mission against Iraq. The war had changed many aspects in both the countries. In Iraq, US dominion was started which continued till date. After it lost the war, it came under direct control of US government. Presently, Iraq is facing the terrible consequences of war. It had lost its secular state, its welfare limited and its dignity lost. But on the other hand, US too had to pay a certain price for the win. Apart from war casualties, it had faced a huge blow from economic point of view. In Iraq, the US motto was not to end the reign of Saddam Hussein, but something more than that. Surely, it had won the war, but at price which often shocked the rest of the world. US army, even the high- order military personnel illegitimately arrested innocent civilians, killed them, deported them and often even tor tured them to death. Thus, total loss incurred can broadly be divided into three segments: human loss, financial loss and physical loss. Numerous surveys and researches have attempted to find out the exact number of death causalities in Iraq. The US have followed the Vietnamese model of not counting the total number of dead, likewise, they have not provided actually number of civilian dead (Steele, and Goldenberg) The war has surely increased violence all over Iraq, which is continues till date. The Iraq Body Count (IBC) has claimed that there have been 1,220,580 victims, including war period and post war casualties, with a majority of the families losing more than one family member. Yet other sources like Baltimore/ Lancelet figure claims that Iraq has experienced more deaths. According to Frederick â€Å"Skip† Burkle, the survey had deliberately ignored the number of deaths caused by secondary causalities. Insufficient health- services, unemployment, poverty, loss of family and emotional loss, etc also lead to death of thousands of Iraqis. Civilian death in Iraq numbers somewhere around 104,000 with another 230,000 reported as missing. But all the sources unanimously agree to the fact that the war with US has devastated Iraq, making it struggling hard for survival and sustenance. US was also affected claiming 4000 lives, though the number much less compared to Iraq’s (Steele and Goldenberg). Another situation of human loss occurred when hundreds of thousands of Iraqis fled from their homeland. The chief reason behind this was terror, bloodshed and tyranny inflicted by the US soldiers. The political unrest made the lives of Iraqis so difficult that they sought refuge in other parts of the globe, especially in Jordan and Syria, who is Iraq’s neighboring countries. This was further confirmed by the Iraqi Exodus video which states that Iraqi immigrants have increased the total population of these two countries. However, lives of those new im migrants were not easy. They are facing more hardships because of lack of work permit and shelter (Benson). However, it has to be remembered that that the US- Iraq war not only carries superficial financial loss, but also macroeconomic costs. The war has resulted in higher consumption of resources, than that was estimated before the war started in 2003. Oil prices shot from $23 in 2003 to $90 in US, as an aftermath of US- Iran war. Firstly, war hampered the regular supply of oil from Middle East countries including Iraq and Iran. Secondly, war increased consumption of

Medicine administration Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Medicine administration - Essay Example He needs to be in school, not at home taking care of a terminally ill patient. Michael lacks the skills needed to take care of a patient suffering from Parkinson’s disease. He is also too young to cope with the challenges that come with taking care of a person suffering from this disease (Tuite, 2009). The work might be emotionally draining and Michael might not know how to handle this. He has not been trained to deal with medical conditions; therefore, he might not know how to handle his mother’s medication (Chemecky, Infortuna and Macklin, 2006). Sometimes, it is hard to administer drugs to persons suffering from Parkinson’s disease, and since Michael is not a trained medicine administrator, he might not know what to do in this situation. Michael should not be allowed to administer drugs to his mother by himself. Since his mother’s condition is very serious, she needs advanced level medications which can only be administered by a professional, which Mich ael is not. According to the law, only simple drugs such as paracetamols can be administered at home. There are age restrictions for drug administration at home. For some medications, the age limit can be anywhere from 13 years (Tuite, 2009).

The Economics of Crime and Capital Punishment Essay

The Economics of Crime and Capital Punishment - Essay Example   Ã¢â‚¬Å"The Economics of Crime† The economics of crime is the study of factors that cause crime and the consequences of criminal activities in the society as well as approaches towards the reduction of the criminal effects on the society. Economics of crime deals with the costs of criminal justice programs and policies and their benefits to the society. It also deals with analyzing market progress in regard to all activities associated with a crime like drugs, money laundering, and firearms, among others. Economics of crime still evaluates the effects of criminal activities on other aspects of life like healthcare, education, labor market, and substance abuse. â€Å"Capital Punishment† Capital punishment is a method of executing justice especially to offenders who have committed acute crimes like murder. It was highly practiced in ancient days, but later some people and courts found it unconstitutional and against human rights. There have been issues of debate on whet her it should be abolished or it should continue, and this remains a major issue of concern. Many countries so far have abolished capital punishment for all crimes, though there are others that retain it. However, the practice has not proved to be the best in deterring crimes. People differ on the kind of crimes on which capital punishment should be accorded, and the issue remains unresolved. However, capital punishment has a number of effects on the economy of a country especially with the processes involved in administering justice to offenders, and its cost to the entire society. The Common Economic View The economics of crime and capital punishment go hand in hand in dealing with the economic issues. The economics of crime help in determining the cost a country incurs when administering justice to offenders. For example, the society uses public and private resources to prevent crimes and administer justice to offenders. The economics of crime helps to know the type and amount of resources used to give punishment to offenders. Capital punishment, on the other hand, affects the economy of a country to a greater extent. Administering punishment to an offender goes through a number of processes that involve the use of many resources mainly because of its passing through the different panels to justify the offender’s liability for capital punishment. Thus, it affects the economy widely and should be discouraged. Friedman’s Letter to Bill Bennett The main topic in this article is the use of law enforcement to control drug use in America. This letter is important because it talks about the cost incurred in fighting drug use in America (Friedman 85). Milton urges Bill that the direction they take off using more police, imposing harsh penalties for drug users, increasing jails, among other measures will not help in fighting drug abuse in America, but would rather worsen the current situation. Milton argues that the measures taken are only a source of major evils. Enforcing harsh penalties on drug users only increases disasters for both users and society (Friedman 86).  

The Production Process Of Monster Inc Film Studies Essay

The Production Process Of Monster Inc Film Studies Essay The process of movie making entails four stages, development, pre-production, production and post-production. The development stage involves the process of creating the story line. At the pre-production level the technical challenges are addressed. It is in the production stage that the actual filming takes place and polishing of the movie is done at the post production stage. The Pixar process through which Monster Inc passes is detailed below. Step1: This step entails explaining of the idea about the movie to the audience and the members of the development team. At this stage the originality of the idea is pivotal as it translates to how viable the movie is. The idea of Sulley and Mike working for Monsters Inc is an incredible idea and so is the inclusion of Boo. The work was developed from the two artists namely Docter and Grant. The adult man had the childhood drawings come to life and start plaguing on his existence. He could see the monsters but the other could not. The monsters represented the fears he had to deal with as a kid and which he did not. However, these monsters disappeared at he continued to overcome these fears. Step 2: this idea is then written down in what is referred to as text treatment. It also worth mentioning that it necessary to come up with many text treatments as they help in opening up the possibilities available. In addition, such treatments help to refine the main idea of the story. For instance, the initial idea was to have a 32 year old man who could see the monsters but which was later changed to an innocent girl. Step 3: Elisabeth (12) defines storyboards as the graphic organizers which could include illustrations and images and are necessary in the movie making process for the purpose of pre-visualizing a motion picture. It is a tedious and intricate process and was developed in Walt Disney Studio in 1930s. This concept of story boards is credited to Webb Smith where scenes would be drawn in different sheets of paper and would be pinned on a bulletin board (Mark 65). This proved effective in telling a story in a sequence. The Monster Inc incorporates story boards and is better described as a hand drawn comic book version. The artists receive the scripts and they are then expected to make the drawings. The sequences by the artists utilize the emotions from the scripts to be able to make the illustrations. The drawn out sequence is then handed to the director of Monster Inc. Step 4: In making of the Monster Inc movie the scratch voice is used to the story board reels. However, professional actors are hired when the story and the dialogue have been perfected. It is also worth noting that the actors hired need not depend on the script alone but also need to improvise to make the movie interesting. The actors hired for different role in Monster Inc then record the lines in different ways and the best ones are chosen. However, if the scratch voices are good enough then there will we no need to follow the rest of the process. Sulley the massive monster who finds himself in trouble was played by John Goodman who had a rich and wide vocal range. His voice also similar to that of a bear and it seemed to fit to this role. Finding the voice for Boo was challenging and it is the voice of Mary Gibbs who plays this role that brought the energy needed. In addition she was playful and fit in well in this role. Step 5: This is the stage where by the illustration by the story board is developed into a reel. The reel is able to tell a story without the need to have a pitcher person to tell the story behind the shooting of Monster Inc. This process is pivotal in the making of Monster Inc as it helps in validating the sequence of the story. The editorial of Monster Inc also takes this chance to ascertain the elements required for each shot. For instance, in this movie Joe Rauft did the story board and also was the scratch voice of Sullivan. Step 6: The art department utilizes the work from the above process and brings life to the scenes. In particular this involves creating inspirational art, illustrating the world and the characters. In addition, the artists also design sets, props, visual looks for surfaces and colors which will be necessary lighting. In looking for the style of Monstropolis the production designers had to go to view different locations which could inspire the design of the movie. 22 different sets were designed for the movie and some of theses sets included the Boos bedroom, sushi eatery, Harryhausens and home of yeti. Step 7: This step is another tedious task in the making of Monster Inc. The characters, sets and props to be used are sculpted by hand and then scanned in three dimensions. These elements are then given avars and the animators use them to make the movements. In this movie the clay sculptures were made and then digitized for the main characters. For the rest of the monsters they were created by the computer using the kit of virtual parts. It is also worth noting that in order to give the animators a lot of movement those modeling the characters used Geppetto; a program used to add more controls. Step 8: This is an interesting stage where the sets are dressed with prop models in bringing out a realistic scene. It also worth noting that those charged with this task, work closely with the director in ensuring his vision of Monster Inc is being actualized. For instance in making the monsters colorful, the city and the factory had to be muted. Step 9: The real work of taking shots then starts and the story is translated into 3-dimensional scenes. This stage is involving for the layout crew of Monster Inc, who use a virtual camera to create shots while capturing the emotion of each scene. Multiple shots are created for each scene and this helps the editorial team to make the best choice of the shots that will give the maximums story telling effect. Step 10: At this point the layout, dialog, sound, character and models are already done and the animators choreograph the movements and facial expressions of the characters and this is done for each and every scene. Computer controls are used and avars are also necessary at this point. The movement of the Boss shirt and Sullivan long fluid fur posed a great challenge. How do you animate every wrinkle in both of theses two characters clothes? This required the use of simulations that would automatically generate such movements. Similarly, for Boo having the hair was another problem and Docter found a temporary solution by use of pigtails which were easier to animate. However, this was also complicated by the fact that these movements needed to be realistic. In particular, the Boos shirt had to drape in an aesthetically appealing way and Sulleys hair had to stick out attractively as well. The animator John Kahrs was in-charge of Sulley and lead animator for Boo was Dave DeVan. Step 11: At this point the shading is done to bringing out different color effects. In shooting of Monster Inc this was done by using software which allowed complex variations where the color shifted with the lighting. Step 12: It is the lighting that completes the whole picture and at this stage the key, fill and bounce lights become important in enhancing the mood and emotion of the characters in the scene (Richard 45). The room ambience is also defined in creating a realistic and giving out the right impression. Step 13: At last the sets, colors, character movement are put in one frame. The Pixars process used in making the Monster Inc utilized a huge computer system which interpreted the data and incorporated the motion blur. After this was done the completion of Monster Inc required final touches from the various departments. For instance the special effects and sound effects were added. In particular, the photo-science department recorded the digital frames in readiness for projection. Work Cited Elisabeth, Weis Film Sound: Theory and Practice. Columbia University Press, 1985 Mark, CottaVaz. The Invisible Art: The Legends of Movie Matte Painting, Chronicle Books, 2004 Richard, Reckitt. Special Effects: The History and Technique, Billboard Books; 2nd edition, 2007

Stolen Lives by Malika Oufkir and Michele Fitoussi Essay -- Books Lite

Stolen Lives by Malika Oufkir and Michele Fitoussi For my final paper, I read a book titled 'Stolen Lives' by Malika Oufkir and Michele Fitoussi. This is the true story of Malika's life. This book is divided into two parts; the first part is a description of Malika's fairy-tale life. She lived alongside a princess, in a palace, and was wanting for nothing. The second part of the book tells the story of Malika and her family's time spent in prison and the suffering they went through. Malika Oufkir was born in 1953 in Morocco to a loving mother and father. Her family was very close to King Muhammad V and the royal family of Morocco. Her father was appointed the chief aide to the king after playing an active role in bringing the king back from exile. The king had a young daughter, Lalla Mina, the same age as Malika and wanted them to grow up together so he asked that Malika come and live with him. This was not a request her parents could say no to. She was basically taken from her parents without much explanation to her and brought to live with the royal family. Her mother was allowed to visit her but the visits became less and less frequent. Malika lived inside of the palace where she attended school. She lived a luxurious life, and was treated like a princess herself, but felt like she was a prisoner. The palace was surrounded by walls and her every move was watched so she could not go outside of these walls. The only time she could leave was when the royal family left to vacation at another palace. The king treated Malika very well, as if she were his own daughter. After routine surgery, King Muhammad V died when Malika was seven. King Hassan II, the son of King Muhammad, took over the throne. Malika?s mother thoug... ...e survived all this time in the conditions they had to endure. But I don?t think they could have survived if it weren?t for the support they showed for one another. This is an amazing story of the human spirit and of a bond that held this family together. I would recommend this book to any person that likes human-interest stories. I think we need to be aware that this still does go on in some parts of the world. I enjoy learning about history and this story provided some historical information. I realize how far we have come in this country with women?s rights and how primitive some societies still treat women. Also, it served as a reminder to me that different parts of the world have very diverse beliefs and how lucky we are to live in this country. Works Cited Oufkir, Malika, and Michele Fitoussi. Stolen Lives. New York:Editions Grasset & Fasquelle. 1999

Performance Management Framework Essay

Mr. Stonefield is starting his own business in Austin, Texas, called Landslide Limousine Service. One of the fundamental elements to building this new business venture is creating a framework for performance management. The framework must include necessary employee job skills, the methods used for measuring these skills, the process for addressing skill gaps, and the approach for delivering effective performance feedback. It is important to understand how the performance management framework (PMF) aligns to the organizational business strategy. Mr. Stonefield previously stated he wants to provide first-class transportation to his customers. His goals are realistic for the first year with an anticipated -$50,000 in revenue, and 10% turnover. The success of the business’s performance management will ensure there will not be any additional lost revenue, and turnover stays at, or under target. The goals set in place lay the foundation for the future of this company, and a clearly defined PMF will foster highly engaged employees and lead to continual revenue growth. It is imperative Mr. Stonefield’s employees have the necessary job skills to allow Landslide Limousine to achieve its goals and gain a positive reputation. A job analysis is â€Å"The process of obtaining information about jobs, including the tasks to be done on the jobs as well as the personal characteristics necessary to do the tasks† (Cascio, 2013, p.690). Mr. Stonefield has elected Atwood and Allen Consulting to conduct the job analysis process to identify the skills his employees will need. The job analysis process, or in this case, processes, have been identified, but additional time is required to act out these processes. The first process is observation. â€Å"The analyst simply observes a worker or group of workers doing a job. Without interfering, the analyst records†¦ Team Reflection: Performance Management In week 4 Team â€Å"D† reviewed and discussed the following information and how it applies to Landslide Limousine. Alignment of the performance management framework to the organizational business strategy, organizational performance philosophy, the job analysis process completed identifying the  skills needed by employees, methods used for measuring an employee’s skills, process for addressing skill gaps, approach for delivering effective performance feedback. Alignment of the performance management Aligning the structure of the performance management plan with the business strategy is a key element for its success. For Landslide Limousine Services, it was previously communicated that this strategy entailed providing first class transportation to its customers. Its prospective goals indicate a $50,000.00 first year net revenue, a 5% net revenue increase over the first few years, and a turnover rate of approximately 10%. In order to achieve the realistic goals set and for the business strategy to be met, you must consider what it would take to reach them. Understanding that employee loyalty will be an asset to the business is a good start. This means developing a flexible framework that expresses the company’s culture and shows managements’ commitment to developing a strong team of employees. Providing the right training opportunities is essential for meeting business objectives. Many companies just go through the motions of a performance management plan without fully evaluating the needs of the employees to develop their morale and commitment in return. In order to provide first class transportation to its customers, opportunity for development in this area with the proper guidance and encouragement will engage employees in the direction of the company’s strategy. Organizational performance philosophy Every business and its culture differ from one†¦ Introduction Creating a performance management framework ensures that Clapton Commercial Construction will achieve its business venture goals. A critical tool for a company is its performance management. It gives the employees an opportunity to succeed and for the organization to prosper. Outlined are recommendations that we here at Atwood and Allen consulting feel should be utilized to maximize the potential this company has. Performance Management For any business to be successful it is imperative that they implement a  performance management framework. This structure must be effective for the company to meet its goals and ensure that internal decisions are made based on the work performance of its employees. The performance management framework aligns with the business strategy because the structure is created based on the goals and vision of the business. Recommendations Clapton Commercial Constructions desire is to deliver quality top notch construction and customer service. A clear vision and realistic goals are needed to target areas of improvement. An effective performance management framework ensures consistency in reviews and brings the business success they are anticipating. It is recommended that Clapton Commercial promote growth by making sure that all employees are properly trained and feedback be analyzed from the employees and customers. The job analysis is an in-depth study of the position. It provides information for job descriptions (Job Analysis-Human Resources Management for Employers, 2011). We recommend that the employees be involved by completing a job analysis form, this is a way of collecting information about the work. Interview the employees by asking them specific questions about their job duties and make a list of the specific task performed. Also, identify the experience, education, and training levels†¦ PERFORMANCE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM ABOUT PERFORMANCE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM Performance Management involves the entire gamut of processes in identifying critical dimensions of performance – setting work plans against laid down objectives, reviewing the work done against indicators of performance and developing and enhancing competencies for improved performance. THEORGANIZA TIONAL GOAL PROVIDES THE PERSPECTIVE TO DETERMINE THE DEPARTMENTA L (REGION/ THEME/UNIT) GOAL WHICH IN TURN PROVIDES THE CONTEXT FOR AN PROCEDURE FOR EFFECTIVE PERFORMANCE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM An effective Performance Management System should be based on :a) Setting up Key Result Area (KRAs) for the Region/Theme/Unit/ Department b) Clarity of Individual Roles and Responsibilities c) Laying down Plans and Performance  Indicators for each position d) Periodic assessment of performance of the individual against such Plans/ Performance Indicators e) Identifying factors facilitating and hindering achievement of Plans – development of action plans for overcoming hindering factors and strengthening facilitating factors f) Periodic review of role incumbents’ behavior, which contributes to effective functioning and working out action plans for developing such behavior. g) Identification of role incumbents’ developmental needs and preparing plans for staff development through training and related activities. h) Implementation and review. HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT: PERFORMANCE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM PAGE STAGES OF MANAGING PERFORMANCE SYSTEM : 1. Identification of KRAs (Key Result Areas)  KRA(s) for the Organisation need to be identified and collectively agreed upon. The KRA(s) for the organization will be drawn out from the Country Strategy paper (2005-2010) which has evolved through a bottom-up approach, from consultations held with over a 1000 persons, with participation from the partners and communities AAI-India works with. KRA(s) for the organization will hold good for the†¦ Performance Management Plan Performance Management Plan HRM-531 March 17, 2014 Patrice Cloutier Mr. Stonefield, I am very happy to hear that you are considering a Performance Management Plan for your business expansion in Austin, Texas. As you may know there are sound organizational payoffs for implementing a strong performance management system. Study indicates that companies with a strong management plan is likely to outperform competitors by 51% on financial measure and by 41% on nonfinancial metrics. The performance management plan for the limousine operation with 25 employees, with a net $-50k revenue, with a growth of rate 5% for the first two years and expected rate of turnover of 10% should be straight forward. Here below I am presenting to you our recommendations for a very comprehensive performance management plan. (Cascio, 2013, P.332) The first step a business must consider is alignment of performance management to the business strategy. Once you have the vision for the Limo operation in Austin, identify the drivers or Key Performance Indicators to achieve the vision. The KPIs then can cascaded down to the functional areas then to individual level. The next step in the process should be of defining goals. The process of goal setting should be a collaborative process between a manger and the employee. Once the company wide strategy is established the strategy and the goals should be shared with each employee. This is a critical step in the process. One thing to keep in mind in goal development is that the goals should be specific, measurable, achievable and timely. Specific: Well-defined to inform employees exactly what is expected, when, and how much. Measurable: Provide milestones to track progress and motivate employees toward achievement. Achievable: Success needs to be attainable with effort by an average employee, with a bit of a stretch. Relevant: The goals should focus on the greatest impact to the overall†¦

Long-Form Possessive Adjectives in Spanish

Long-Form Possessive Adjectives in Spanish Possessive adjectives in Spanish, like those of English, are a way of indicating who owns or is in possession of something. Their use is straightforward, although they, like other adjectives, must match the nouns they modify in both number (singular or plural) and gender. Using the Long Form Unlike English, Spanish has two forms of possessive adjectives, a short form that is used before nouns, and a long form that is used after nouns. Here we focus on the long-form possessive adjectives with examples of usage and possible translations of each example: mà ­o, mà ­a, mà ­os, mà ­as - my, of mine - Son libros mà ­os. (They are my books. They are books of mine.)tuyo, tuya, tuyos, tuyas - your (singular familiar), of yours - Prefiero la casa tuya. (I prefer your house. I prefer the house of yours.) These forms are used even in areas where vos is common, such as Argentina and parts of Central America.suyo, suya, suyos, suyas - your (singular or plural formal), its, his, her, their, of yours, of his, of hers, of theirs - Voy a la oficina suya. (I am going to his/her/your/their office. I am going to the office of his/hers/yours/theirs.)nuestro, nuestra, nuestros, nuestras - our, of ours - Es un coche nuestro. (It is our car. It is a car of ours.)vuestro, vuestra, vuestros, vuestras - your (plural familiar), of yours -  ¿Dà ³nde estn los hijos vuestros? (Where are your children? Where are the children of yours?) As you may have noticed, the short form and long forms of nuestro and vuestro and related pronouns are identical. They differ only as to whether they are used before or after the noun. Owner Irrelevant in Determining Gender In terms of number and gender, changed forms are with the nouns they modify, not with the person(s) who own or possess the object. Thus, a masculine object uses a masculine modifier regardless of whether it is owned by a male or female. Es un amigo tuyo. (He is a friend of yours.)Es una amiga tuya. (She is a friend of yours.)Son unos amigos tuyos. (They are some friends of yours.)Son unas amigas tuyas. (They are some friends of yours.) If youve already studied possessive pronouns, you may have noticed that they are identical with the possessive adjectives listed above. In fact, some grammarians consider the possessive adjectives to be a type of pronoun. Regional Variations in Use of Possessive Adjectives Suyo and the related forms (such as suyas) tend to be used in opposite ways in Spain and Latin America: In Spain, unless the context is clear otherwise, speakers tend to assume that suyo refers to possession by someone other than the person spoken to - in other words, suyo tends to function as a third-person adjective. If you need to refer to something possessed by the person spoken to, you can use de usted or de ustedes.In Latin America, on the other hand, speakers assume that suyo refers to something possessed by the person spoken to. If you need to refer to something possessed by a third party, you can use de à ©l (of his), de ella (of hers), or de ellos/ellas (of theirs). Also, in Latin America nuestro (and related forms such as nuestras) coming after a noun is uncommon for saying of ours. It is more common to use de nosotros or de nosotras. Long or Short Possessive Adjectives? Generally, there is no significant difference in meaning between the long and short forms possessive adjectives. Most often, youd use the long form as the equivalent of of mine, of yours, etc., in English. The short form is more common, and in some cases, the long form can be somewhat awkward or have a slight literary flavor. One use of the long form is in short questions:  ¿Es tuyo? (Is it yours?) In these simple questions, the form of the possessive depends on the gender of the unstated noun. For example,  ¿Es tuyo? could mean Is it your car? because coche (the word for car) is masculine, while  ¿Son tuyas? might mean Are they your flowers? because flor (the word for flower) is feminine. Key Takeaways Spanish has two types of possessive adjectives: short-form possessives, which go before the noun they refer to, and long-form possessives, which go afterward.There is no difference in meaning between the two forms of possessives, although the short term is used more often.Suyo is often understood differently in Spain than it is in Latin America.